By Paul Ovigele
Introduction
SAP Material Ledger allows you to run Actual Costing with the benefits and without the disadvantages of the two traditional methods of inventory valuation:
- Standard Costing
- Moving Average Costing
Before we explore SAP Material Ledger and Actual Costing, let's analyze these two approaches.
Table of Contents
Standard Costing
An effective method of obtaining stable prices for your materials that you can benchmark against price fluctuations is to perform variance analysis. This can help you better understand whether you produce efficiently or reasonably priced raw material.
A disadvantage of standard costing is that variances related to unsold inventory remain in the cost of sales price variance account and are not posted back to inventory.
A client asked me the following question when SAP Material Ledger was still in its infancy:
If I do not sell everything I produce in a period, what happens to the production variances still in the P&L?
The answer was to take the fraction of the production variances relating to the inventory not sold in the period and post it back to the inventory accounts. This top-level journal does not specify the activity for each material.
The downside is that if you look at a profitability report for each material, the variance may skew the actual cost of sale for the period if you do not sell everything you produce.
Moving Average Costing
This is a good method for keeping your material costs up to date, particularly where prices fluctuate. At each goods or invoice receipt, the moving average price is updated based on the total inventory value and the latest purchase price, and divided by the total inventory quantity.
A disadvantage of moving average costing is that the new price is only posted back to inventory if there is enough inventory quantity, or stock coverage, to cover the difference.
This may occur when you consume a material between the time you receive it and when you invoice it, and the invoice price differs from the goods receipt price. Suppose the invoice is for a quantity greater than the quantity left in the inventory. In that case, the difference between the invoice and goods receipt will not be fully allocated to the inventory.
Instead, only the portion related to the existing inventory quantity will be allocated back to inventory, and the remainder will be posted to the price variance account. This means that the moving average price for a material may not necessarily represent the actual current price.
SAP Material Ledger
The two main objectives are:
- Inventory Valuation in up to three currencies and valuation methods
- Actual Costing
A prominent feature of the Material Ledger is Actual Costing. It takes the variances from inventory transactions and posts them back to ending inventories to value them at the actual cost. It does this while retaining the standard cost of the material as a benchmark.
You can also revalue the current standard cost with the periodic unit price or the actual cost.
The two types of Price Determination in Accounting 1, with the Material Ledger, are:
- Single-level price determination
Takes variances that occur for an individual material and rolls them back into the ending inventory.
- Multilevel price determination
It takes the variances that occur for a lower-level product, such as a raw material, and rolls them in the proportion of consumed quantity into a higher-level assembly.
You can roll the variances related to sold inventory into the cost of sales account to value COS at actual costs. This involves a Material Ledger Revaluation of Consumption.
With SAP Material Ledger, you can achieve actual costs for ending inventory of single and multilevel products and cost of sales while still measuring your procurement process according to standard.
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Glossary
Activity Type
An activity type identifies activities provided by a cost center to manufacturing orders. The secondary cost element of an activity type identifies the activity costs on the cost center and detailed reports.
Actual Costing
Actual costing determines what portion of the variance is debited to the next-highest level using material consumption. All purchasing and manufacturing difference postings are allocated upward through the BOM to assemblies and finished goods. Variances can be rolled up over multiple production levels to the finished product.
Assembly Scrap
Assembly Scrap allows you to plan for faulty or damaged assemblies.
Since no production process is perfect, some scrap is always produced. You may scrap cheaper items and rework costly items.
Component Scrap
Component scrap is the percentage of component quantity that does not meet the required quality standards before being inserted into production. The planned quantity of components is increased. Component scrap is an input scrap because it is detected before use in the production process. You plan component scrap in the MRP 4 view and the Basic Data tab of the BOM item. An entry in the BOM Item field takes priority over an entry in the MRP 4 view.
GRIR
SAP Goods Receipt Invoice Receipt performs a three-way match between the purchase order, goods receipt, and invoice receipt.
You use the GR/IR clearing account to record the offset of the GR and IR.
Cost Component Structure
You define which cost components comprise a cost component split by assigning them to a cost component structure. You assign cost elements and origin groups to cost components within the cost component structure.
Standard Cost Estimate
This is a material cost estimate used to calculate the standard price of a material. The cost estimate must be executed with a costing variant that updates the material master, and the cost estimate must be released. A standard cost estimate can be released only once per period and is typically created for each product at the beginning of a fiscal year or new season.
Origin Group
An origin group separately identifies materials assigned to the same cost element, allowing them to be assigned to separate cost components. The origin group can also determine the calculation base for overhead in costing sheets.
Accrual Order
An accrual order enables you to monitor period-related accrual calculations between expenses posted in Financial Accounting and Controlling.
Cost Center
A cost center is master data showing where the cost occurred. At the end of the period, the person responsible for the cost center analyzes and explains cost center variances.
Fixed Assets
Fixed assets are company-owned, long-term, tangible assets such as property or equipment. They support the company's day-to-day operations and generate income. Being fixed means they can't be consumed or converted into cash within a year.
Internal Order
An internal order monitors an organization's costs and revenue for short—to medium-term jobs. Planning can be carried out at a cost element and detailed level, and budgeting can be carried out at an overall level with availability control.
Order Type
The order type categorizes orders according to their purpose and allows you to allocate different number ranges and settlement profiles.
Periodic Reposting
Periodic reposting is a posting aid that enables you to adjust postings made to your cost centers or business processes, internal orders, or WBS elements. It has the same result as transaction-based reposting. The results of transaction-based repostings directly affect the actual costs of the sender and receiver. In contrast, periodic repostings have a one-time effect on actual costs at period-end closing.
Postings relevant to Controlling (CO), such as telephone costs, postal charges, insurance, and so on, are entered in Financial Accounting (FI) and posted to an allocation cost center or a business process. These are used exclusively for cost collection. This minimizes the number of account assignments you must make when entering data in FI. At the end of the period, the collected costs are reposted to the cost centers or business processes that incurred the costs through user-defined keys (fixed values or dynamic tracing factors)
Settlement
Work in process (WIP) and variances are transferred to Financial Accounting, Profit Center Accounting (PCA), and Profitability Analysis (CO-PA) during settlement. Variance categories can also be transferred to value fields in CO-PA.
Standard Hierarchy
A standard hierarchy represents your company structure. A standard hierarchy is guaranteed to contain all cost centers or profit centers because a mandatory field in cost and profit center master data is a standard hierarchy node.
Statistical Key Figure
Statistical key figures define values describing cost centers, profit centers, and overhead orders such as number of employees or minutes of long-distance phone calls. You can use statistical key figures as the tracing factor for periodic transactions such as cost center distribution or assessment. You can post both plan and actual statistical key figures.
Statistical Order
In this type of internal order, the cost center is maintained as the real cost object. When a transaction is posted to this type of order, the cost center incurs the real cost, and the internal order maintains a statistical balance.
Tracing Factor
Tracing factors determine the cost portions received by each receiver from senders during periodic allocations, such as assessments and distributions.
SAP Fiori
SAP Fiori is a web-based interface that can replace the SAP GUI. SAP Fiori apps access the Universal Journal directly, taking advantage of additional fields like the work center and operation for improved variance reporting.
Settlement
Work in process (WIP) and variances are transferred to Financial Accounting, Profit Center Accounting (PCA), and Profitability Analysis (CO-PA) during settlement. Variance categories can also be transferred to value fields in CO-PA.
Settlement Profile
A settlement profile, contained in the order type, contains the parameters necessary to create a settlement rule for manufacturing orders and product cost collectors.
Settlement Rule
A settlement rule determines which portions of a sender's costs are allocated to which receivers. It is contained in a manufacturing order or product cost collector header data.
Setup Time
You need setup time to prepare equipment and machinery for assemblies, and that preparation is generally the same regardless of the quantity produced. Setup time spread over a smaller production quantity increases the unit cost.
Simultaneous Costing
Simultaneous costing is the process of recording actual costs for cost objects, such as manufacturing orders and product cost collectors, in cost object control. Costs typically include goods issues, receipts to and from an order, activity confirmations, and external service costs.
Source Cost Element
Source cost elements identify costs that debit objects, such as manufacturing orders and product cost collectors.
Source List
A source list is a list of available sources of supply for a material, which indicates the periods during which procurement is possible. Usually, a source list is a list of quotations for materials from different vendors.
You can specify a preferred vendor by selecting a fixed source of supply indicator. If you do not select this indicator for any source, a cost estimate will choose the lowest cost source as the cost of the component. You can also indicate which sources are relevant to MRP.
Standard Price
The standard price in the Costing 2 view determines the inventory valuation price when price control is set at standard (S). It is updated when a standard cost estimate is released. You normally value manufactured goods at the standard price.
Subcontracting
You supply component parts to an external vendor who manufactures the complete assembly. The vendor has previously supplied a quotation, which is entered in a purchasing info record with a subcontracting category.
Tracing Factor
Tracing factors determine the cost portions received by each receiver from senders during periodic allocations, such as assessments and distributions.
SAP Universal Journal
The efficiency and speed of the SAP HANA in-memory database allowed the introduction of the Universal Journal single line-item tables ACDOCA (actual) and ACDOCP (plan). The Universal Journal allows all previous financial and controlling component postings to be combined into single items. Its many benefits include the development of real-time accounting. In this book, we discuss both period-end and event-based processing.
Valuation Class
The valuation class in the Costing 2 view determines which general ledger accounts are updated due to inventory movement or settlement.
Valuation Date
The valuation date determines which material and activity prices are selected when you create a cost estimate. Purchasing info records can contain different vendor-quoted prices for different dates. Different plan activity rates can be entered per fiscal period.
Valuation Grouping Code
The valuation grouping code allows you to assign the same general ledger account across several plants with Transaction OMWD to minimize your work.
The grouping code can represent one or a group of plants.
Valuation Type
You use valuation types in the split valuation process, which enables the same material in a plant to have different valuations based on criteria such as batch. You assign valuation types to each valuation category, which specify the individual characteristics of that valuation category. For example, you can valuate stocks of a material produced in-house separately from stocks of the same material purchased externally from vendors. You then select procurement type as the valuation category and internal and external as the valuation types.
Valuation Variant
The valuation variant is a costing component that allows different search strategies for materials, activity types, subcontracting, and external processing. For example, the search strategy for purchased and raw materials typically first searches for a price from the purchasing info record.
Valuation Variant for Scrap and WIP
This valuation variant allows a choice of cost estimates to valuate scrap and WIP in a WIP at target scenario. If the routing structure changes after a costing run, WIP can still be valued with the valuation variant for scrap and WIP, resulting in a more accurate WIP valuation.
Valuation View
In the context of multiple valuation and transfer prices, you can define the following views:
- Legal valuation view
- Group valuation view
- Profit center valuation view
Work Center
Operations are carried out at work centers representing, for example, machines, production lines, or employees. The work center master data contains a mandatory cost center field. A work center can only be linked to one cost center, while a cost center can be linked to many work centers.
Work in Process
Work in process (WIP) represents production costs of incomplete assemblies. For balance sheet accounts to accurately reflect company assets at the end of the period, WIP costs are moved temporarily to the WIP balance sheet and profit and loss accounts. WIP is canceled during period-end processing following the delivery of assemblies to inventory.
Internal Order
An internal order monitors an organization's costs and revenue for short-to-medium-term jobs. You can carry out planning at a cost element and detailed level and budgeting at an overall level with availability control.
Moving Average Price
The moving average price in the Costing 2 view determines the inventory valuation price if price control is set at moving average. It is updated during goods receipt and invoice receipt.
Periodic Unit Price
The periodic unit price is the price that changes within a period due to goods movements and invoice entries. If you have the material ledger active, you can use this price to valuate a material after the closing entry at the period's end.
PA Transfer Structure
A PA transfer structure allows you to assign costs and revenues from other modules to value and quantity fields in Profitability Analysis.
Process Order
A process order is a manufacturing order used in process industries. A master recipe and materials list are copied from the master data to the order. A process order contains operations that are divided into phases. A phase is a self-contained work step that defines the detail of one part of the production process using the primary resource of the operation.
In process manufacturing, only phases are costed, not operations. A phase is assigned to a subordinate operation and contains standard values for activities that determine dates, capacity requirements, and costs.
Production Order
A production order is used for discrete manufacturing. A bill of material and routing are copied from the master data to the order. The routing supplies a sequence of operations describing how to carry out work steps.
An operation can refer to a work center where it will be performed. It contains planned activities required to carry out the operation. Costs are based on the material components and activity price multiplied by a standard value.
Production Variances
Production variance is calculated as the difference between net actual costs debited to the order and target costs based on the preliminary cost estimate and quantity delivered to inventory. You calculate production variance with target cost version 1. Production variances are for information only and are not relevant for settlement.
Standard Price
If price control is set at standard (S), the standard price in the Costing 2 view determines the inventory valuation price. The standard price is updated when a standard cost estimate is released. You typically value manufactured goods at the standard price.
Variance Analysis
Variance analysis involves comparing actual with target costs. You divide the balance into categories.